Performance-Based, Portfolio, Nonverbal Assessment Strategies Essay

Performance-Based, Portfolio, Nonverbal Assessment Strategies - Essay Example By utilizing informal assessments, educators can target learners’ precise problem areas, adjust instruction, and intercede earlier before it is too late. Constant assessments are mainly significant for English language learners (ELLs). Regular tests in English do not normally echo ELLs' true content abilities or knowledge. However, informal assessments can offer a better-rounded image of their abilities, skills and ongoing progress. The No Child Left Behind act agitates that thorough records should be maintained on the growth of ELLs (Colorado, 2007). Storing these records will make it much easier when questions of grading, program placement and special services arise. There are two normally used informal techniques: portfolio assessment and performance-based assessment. Both techniques make use of typical classroom events to measure growth towards curricular objectives and goals. These actions can be witnessed and recorded by educator observation, as well as student self-asse ssment. This paper will explain at least three informal language proficiency instruments an educator can use in his/her classroom to determine Maria’s level of comprehension.d in classroom instructions, as well as everyday tasks (Tannenbaum, 2009). An educator can utilize performance-based assessments to evaluate ELLs' language proficiency, as well as academic success, through presentations, oral reports, written assignments, demonstrations, as well as portfolios. These assessments can comprise of both products (e.g., group projects) and processes (e.g., numerous drafts of a writing sample). An educator can use observation checklists and scoring rubrics to assess and grade his/her students. These tools can help in aiding ELLs' growth over a short period of time (Colorado, 2007). When using performance-based assessments, it is vital to set up clear and fair criteria from the start. It may be useful to develop these criteria together with other specialists or teachers at the sc hool (Colorado, 2007). Performance-based assessments encourage a broad range of responses. They normally do not generate one single, accurate answer. Hence, evaluation of learner performances and products should be rooted in a teacher’s judgment, using the criteria set for each and every task. An educator can develop assessment actions, which are specified to his/her ELLs' level of English understanding. Performance-based assessment actions can center on reading or oral communication. Some of the activities comprise of: reading in groups, narrating tales, role playing, providing descriptions using visual prompts, telling a tale through a sequence of a couple of pictures, completing dialogue through visual prompts, debating, brainstorming, playing games and completing incomplete stories. When using performance-based assessments with intermediate and beginner English proficiency level, it is advisable to assess less than three items at a time (Tannenbaum, 2009). For instance, d uring role play, an educator might assess the learner’s abilities to reply to "where" and "what" questions; respond to clarification and read telephone numbers or addresses. Portfolio Assessments Portfolios are convenient ways of evaluating student work all through the academic year. With this method, an educator can thoroughly collect evocative

How Homeostasis affects the Interaction of Physiological Processes Essay

How Homeostasis affects the Interaction of Physiological Processes - Essay Example Due to its distinguishing features and the crucial role that it plays in performing different processes, it has acquired a significant position in physiology. The internal mechanisms of human body are controlled by the constancy of the overall environment called homeostasis. In broader terms it can be said that the different mechanisms of human body perform their functions with the help of constant PH, concentrations of electrolyte and internal body temperature. Homeostasis is basically a controlling system of all the mechanisms which facilitates their smooth activity while maintaining a suitable environment for different functions of brain. Human brain is the most sensitive area of human body which is easily and frequently affected by the fluctuations in the external environment. However, due to the unique characteristics of homeostasis it remains protected from the external adverse impacts. Recent researchers have identified astonishing factors about homeostasis which further stren gthens its position as a key system supporting the brain activities. The internal functions of brain, for instance, transfer of messages through neurons and performance of various other tasks are subject to hypo or hyperactivity if not protected by a supporting and regulating system. This function of regulating the internal environment and protecting neural circuits from stepping in to a hypo or hyperactive state is actually performed by homeostasis. This substantiates that homeostasis is crucially required for the normal and performance of physiological processes in addition to maintaining an internal body environment which is significantly suitable for all other brain functions (GINA G. TURRIGIANO et al., 2004). Physiological Processes It refer to all the physical processes which supports and guards various activities of living organisms including all the unicellular and multi cellular organisms from their birth to the end of their life. There are different physiological processes going on simultaneously in the human body including growth and development, bacterial shedding, nutrition processes, movement etc. (PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, 2009). Homeostasis is yet another type of physiological process which actually maintains a suitable working environment for other physiological processes. The working pattern of homeostasis is further divided into different procedures. For instance, it maintains the acid-base equilibrium and regulates the body temperature through a process called thermogenesis. Furthermore, it gets the feedback on different body movements through the active involvement of sensory nerves while maintaining a sound water-electrolyte balance through the kallikrein-kinin system (HOMEOSTASIS, 2013). There are various physiological changes which are directly affiliated with homeostasis. For instance, consider an example of aging which is experienced by every individual. It is a physiological change accompanied by other changes as well including increa sed blood pressure, decreased cardiac activity, etc. Physiological changes which are particularly related to the mechanism of nervous system include temporary stress and tension, excitement etc. In addition to this other physiological changes which show up as human age increases includes low transference of messages, poor memory, loss of neurons, etc. Homeostasis plays a

Effect of Values and Principles in Social Care

Effect of Values and Principles in Social Care This essay gives an explanation in what way social care values and principles effect practice. Social care is a career where people partner with others who are disadvantaged, have special needs or marginalized. Interventions to the needy are given and funded by independent agencies, or statutory organizations that support young adults, older people and children in their day to day services (Payne 2008). These agencies provide services that the disadvantaged are not able to provide for themselves. Social caregivers may work for example, with people with physical disabilities, homeless, children in residential care, people with drug dependency, older people, and families in the society. Social care is achieved through the planning of individualized and group programs of care based on certain needs. All the interventions and involvements are based on established thorough knowledge and understanding of lifespan development. There are certain values which are vital when giving social care to the needy (Payne 2008). Social care values strengthen all the skills, training and competences that caregivers have (Gergen 2001). They are the values which make a difference in the delivery of care services. It is important that people chosen to give the services are the right people with the values needed to deliver care and support. My value base and its relationship to the social care values encompasses the principles and standards which enhance my work when giving care. I regard dignity and respect for other people very highly. I derived all these moral cultures from my parent and also based on my Christianity belief. Individuals of personality are courteous. In my culture, respect among children and parents are reciprocal. It is a traditional goal that all parents should educate their children how to respect people, also parent give their children similar respect due to them. Similarly, in my belief, it is a special obligations to achieve this in the Biblical commandments. According to the book of Exodus 20:12 ‘’Honor thy father and thy mother. This identical word is treated to say that individual dignity is enormously significant. Preserving parents dressed and nourished when they could no longer act for themselves certainly maintains their dignity. Similarly, aiding parents to and fro of their home conserves their dignity. With respect and dignity in mind, I will be able to treat all people respectfully regardless of their ethnicity, age, and other factors that could be prejudicial. I recognize and support the people’s individual needs and give the needy the care and support they deserve without prejudice. Every human being has a right to choose how they live. Every person has equal opportunity and choice for life. Giving social care should not reap them off their choice and control in their lives. Making sure that individual are completely participating in any choice that touches their care, as well as their own choices (like whatever to eat, whatever attire and whatever hour to go their bed) and open decisions around the facility (like menu design or employing new employees). Caregivers should not assume that individuals cannot make choices. Caregivers are to have the necessary skills to embrace individual with cognitive problems in choice making. Politely conversing with clients to understand his/her needs are crucial in enhancing quick recovery and satisfaction (Moonie Windsor 2005). The service providers need to acknowledge their clients’ personal beliefs and identities by availing effective services to their independent of the nature and diversity of the same. The client would not feel separated from the environment he/she is in. Lastly, the service providers should uphold confidentiality. Service users and patients entrust staff in various organizations with sensitive information relating to their health issues and other personal matters. This is done as part of seeking advice, treatment and support. The service users do this in confidence with expectations that the health workers will value their privacy and act appropriately. In some cases such as mental sickness, patients may be unaware of their rights in regard to confidential information. This, however, does not mean that the duty of confidence should be dimi nished. It is vital that patients’ trust between caregivers and users is maintained. All social workers have their own set of morals and internal value systems. Sometimes, social workers are faced with circumstances in which their morals and values conflict with their clients. The principles of social care values must be derived from a person’s human rights (Fisher, Blackmore, Snaith Seamons, 2005, p. 84). Client confidentiality is a vital component of a client-health worker relationship. It ensures that personal and private information divulged by the client will be kept out of reach and safe from unauthorized people, both inside the workplace and out of it (Fisher, Blackmore, Snaith Seamons 2005, p. 85). It is an unspoken rule that a clients permission must be asked before any sharing of information to unauthorized people. Although confidentiality should be practiced at all times, it can have limitations. A health worker can breach confidentiality if a client becomes a threat to himself or to others. Health workers can reveal client information to unauthor ized personnel when a client verbalizes that he was involved in a crime or if he will be committing a crime. An example of a real life confidentiality dilemma is, I was confronted with a scenario when I was taking care of a teenage girl who was pregnant. I was involved in activities to assist her go through the pregnancy and so we created a good relationship. The girl confided in me and would share her sentiments with me boldly. I was, however, faced with a dilemma. As the pregnancy advanced, the girl started changing her attitude. She was no longer open with her feelings and many times preferred to be alone and depressed. Communication became difficult because my patient was not willing to open up. After a while she attempted an abortion which was not successful. Instead, the girl ailed and I had to be with her until she recovered. I uphold values which are against abortion. I believe in other alternatives to abortion and totally against the practice. Yet I had to care for a patient who had gone through an abortion without judging or despising her. At one time, I wanted to change course an d seek another patient to engage with ,which, according to social care ethics is wrong as it is discrimination based on my moral beliefs which denies the patient her right to choose what is best for her. Sociological concepts examine the nature, causes, effects and experiences of the marginalized groups within the society. Discrimination is a prejudicial handling of people on the basis with the group or class they belong to. Discrimination can be direct, indirect, unconscious and institutional. Direct discrimination happens when the caregiver or somebody is regarded less positively than another individual for the reason that protected attribute they ought to or are supposed to have or since they partner with somebody who has a secure quality. Indirect discrimination on its own, is a situation, decree, procedure or even a manner concerns to everybody, but has an unbalanced influence on an individual with a safeguarded quality. It can be within one right if one can show that one actually proceeded sensibly for a comprehensive occupational aim. The unconscious discrimination is that manner of attitudes which involved without thought or aim, but extremely throughout practice or prejudice d ideas. Individuals discerning unconsciously will regularly respond with shock when their conduct is indicated. The last one which is the Institutional discrimination, it refers to the strategies of the domineering race/culture/genderorganizationsand the manners of the characters who dominate these institutions and apply rules that are meant to a disparity and / or damaging influence on marginal race/culture/gender parties. Discrimination,formulating support against others for the reason of race or ethnicity(Hellman Deborah 2008). Discrimination leads to the formation of the marginalized groups, which are the specific classes of people who are socially excluded or blocked from accessing rights, opportunities, and resources such as employment, housing, health care, etc. Such socially excluded people are blocked from participating in the community’s social, economic, and political life (Sakomoto Pitner 2005). Consequently, they suffer psychologically and emotionally, and this may threaten their health with diseases and sometimes cause death. Examples of marginalized groups include: people living in poverty, disabled people, drug addicts, old people, uneducated, homeless people, and the young careers (Sakomoto Pitner 2005). Using the social construct of employment, employers have a notion that the disabled persons are less productive and are more prone to accidents (Sakomoto Pitner 2005). Thus, they end up being discriminated, and yet they can perform the duties if assigned the job responsibilities. The effects of discrimination on Disabled, according to Payne (2008), disabled people with enough intelligence and capability to work are denied chances by employers assuming that they are more of burdens than employees within a company. Such people lose chances of employment in favor of non-disabled people. Social justice and social welfare values also promote the anti-discriminatory practice. This implies that all the people within the society are treated fairly by ensuring legal rights and optimization of well being. This value also ensures that the service providers balance the client’s individual rights and those of others. This is achieved by offering all the service users equal chances without making compromises. Lastly, empowerment is another value that underpins ant-discriminatory practices. Empowerment allows all the individuals opportunities to take responsibilities without the fear of intimidation. Moreover, empowerment allows individuals to make individual decisions and judgments freely in a social care setting, as long as they comply with the set social standards (Gergen 2001). Anti-discriminatory practice is an action taken to prevent discrimination against people on the basis of class, race, gender, or disability. This practice promotes equality at the workplaces, including the care setting (Thompson 2011). The three pieces of Legislation that underpin anti-discriminatory practice are; Firstly, Human Rights Act 1998, it is an Act of the European Convention on Human Rights, which allows individuals to impose 16 of the important moralities and options covered in a UK court of law. It obliges parliament and community organizations more responsible to UK people across the courts. The Act addresses the major rights that influence honestly on service delivery in the social care sectors and health care. The Act involves mostly important to dignity in care, involve the right to life, the right not to be endangered to unfeeling or humiliating therapy and the right to a personal life. Secondly, Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, it is an Act that coverings an extensive choice of subjects connecting to place of work, health, welfare and well-being through various sectors. It makes employees understand that , they have a general duty under the Act to look after one another also collaborate with establishments’ health and safety obligations. Also, it provides a safe procedure in the support of dignity in care. Thirdly, The Equality Act 2010, it is an Act that is used instead of anti-discrimination legislation. it brings collectively, balances and in several respects, covers the present equality rule. It objectives is to compose more harmonious, stronger and stress-free to go along in direction to make the social order better. The Equality Act guards individuals collecting care and the workers that deliver it from remaining nursed unlawfully because of some personalities that are safeguarded below the law. The ‘safeguarded personalities’ are: race, disability,gender relocation, maternity and pregnancy, religion or belief and age, and sex. In conclusion, it is very important that caregivers follow the rules and procedure so as to provide quality care service. Delivering care, in an approach that expresses esteem for a persons right and individualism is central to the profession. However, to sustain this objective can be challenging due to different influences such as mental injury and official issues such as the outcomes of ageism and short prospects of care. Effective social care profession will simply be achievable when all memberships of the interdisciplinary group communicate a collective conventional value.

Perils Of Obedience :: essays research papers

The Perils of Obedience This experiment is a test to see if people are naturally aggressive. Milgram does not believe that people are naturally aggressive. Although some people think people are naturally aggressive. Ordinary people can be part of a bad course of actions without having any anger toward then victim. In finding that people are not naturally aggressive. Milgram now alters the experiment to find out why do people act the way they do. He compiled the experiment to answer, why do people obey authority, even when the actions are against their own morals. One reason is to please authority. People in general like the feeling they get when they are doing a good job. Even though they know what they are doing is morally wrong, the way they tried to justify themselves is by verbally disagreeing. By doing this they feel that they are "on the side of the angels". A lot of people do not have the ability to disobey authority. Another reason people obey is that they have a sense of obligation to their duty. This is just the whole idea of completing the job that’s given to you. Some people have a fear of being perceived as brash, or rude. In general, people want to present themselves in the best way possible. Civilian obedience also comes from the sense that the responsibility for the victim is not their own. Since they do not have the blood on their hands, so to speak, their actions do not effect them. It was found that the reasons for obedience are not only psychological but sociological as well. Milgram provides the idea of division of labor. As long as the product comes from an assembly line, there is no one person to blame.

Criminal Justice Trends

Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation A number of past, present, and future trends exist in regard to the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. Conducting an analysis of each of these trends provides an understanding of the value of the criminal justice system and also how it adapts to an ever-changing society. Law enforcement agencies can make predictions for the future of the criminal justice system by placing an emphasis on the developments of the system over the past few decades. Past, Present, and Future TrendsIn the late twentieth century, a number of so called, â€Å"forgotten figures† struggled for an identity and also for equality. Women’s liberation movements began to portray the manner in which the criminal justice system viewed men who committed crimes to include sexual assault as punishments were minimal or at times perhaps even nonexistent for the crime. The media also rarely ack nowledged women who were victims of sexual assault, those of which also had to where to turn to for support or refuge. African Americans, gays, and also soldiers are others who struggled with finding an identity in society hence also within the criminal justice system.During the 1960s, victims’ rights movements began addressing those issued faced by these groups as the criminal justice system often overlooked the needs of each. Each group’s voice was believed not to be heard and at times each was also treated much differently than those who were not of minority by the system. Toward the end of the twentieth century the Victims’ Bill of Rights was passed in 22 states, allowing victims to have a voice hence express their view during courtroom proceeding, during sentencing, and also during parole.Other laws, acts, and policies were also implemented as a prohibition of unfair treatment for all members of society. The criminal justice system continues to expand polic ies and laws to protect society of individual rights and also from the law itself. Technological advances are other past, current, and future trends that should be taken into consideration as past technologies did not possess the capabilities the system has today. For example, the advancement of DNA testing has allowed for the conviction and also release of some individuals who may have been imprison for years and for crimes he or she did not commit.Technological advances have made it possible to convict many more individuals guilty of crimes than even in the past. The same technologies are also responsible for freely those who have been wrongly accused. Such advances have a direct impact on the manner in which the criminal justice system develops and also operates as courtroom judges may order a suspect to DNA testing; otherwise some states have the authority to do so. Years ago, the opportunity to provide such testing did not exist whatsoever which lead to the conviction of many i ndividuals who were in fact innocent of committing particular crimes.The criminal justice system today is an implementation of reappraisals of policies, procedures, and practices of prior decades. As society continues to expand its thinking and mentality concerning issues to include gays and women’s rights, the criminal justice must also in a sense expand its mentality and adjust to a changing society. For example, a decline of women within the criminal justice system may be because women now have the accessibility to similar programs men were entitled to, including educational programs, and also community-based programs. Criminal Justice Trends It is important for us to understand past, current, and future trends throughout the criminal justice system. Trends allow us to identify areas that need to be addressed so we may be equipped to handle them better. Society depends of the criminal justice system in many ways to offer them a sense of justice, safety, and peace of mind. Within this paper I will discuss past, current, and future trends and how it affects and changes our criminal justice system.I will also address recent and future trends and contemporary issues that affect the criminal justice system, as well as the values of the criminal justice system in a changing society. Past Trends Even though to most it may not seem like it, the criminal justice system has come a long way in its dealings with the public. In the past the criminal justice system was viewed as a faceless machine that acted independently of the areas it charged to look after.It seemed that it was better to stay detached from the public in order to rem ain biased in their judgment and to keep their professional appearance. By studying past trends we not only were able to see trends in criminal behavior as well as having the ability to try and create possible projections on why it could lead but, we were also able to view the interaction between the criminal justice system and those it served. Both the criminal justice system and the general public realized the need for cooperation between the two to better the results.Society has always and will always be changing and it is only through ongoing efforts and partnerships within the community that the criminal justice system can stay informed and better understand how to combat criminal trends. By understanding trends in the past and considering how certain criminal events began and where they are now, the criminal justice system has been able to gain a wealth of knowledge about illegal activity and how different attempts to control or stop the actions have worked or failed.By examin ing the patterns of criminal activity and looking at the response is to the different tactics used to prevent them the criminal justice system can actually derive betters means to control possible criminal growth or be better suited to handle the events as they arise. Current Trends There are many current trends that the criminal justice system faces as far as criminal activity is concerned. Increased violence and drug related offences are just two of the many obstacles that they face. Another trend that is developing is the public’s move towards privatized protection.There are a growing number of individuals and families that have begun seeking out more protection than what is offered by the local police department. Residents prefer to now have their own security in place something that is gear specifically towards them. I do not feel that this move comes from distrust in the criminal justice system to fulfill the task however, with the growing relationship being developed b etween communities and law enforcement now see what challenges the local law enforcement agencies have to overcome on a daily basis. With this in mind, the public has begun to move to the privet sector for personal and home security.Moving to gated communities in order to restrict traffic into their neighborhoods as well as neighbors coming together to employ security guards is a sure sign that the public sees that the growing challenges of law enforcement are causing them to strain their resources very thin in order to keep up with criminal activities over large areas. They also realize that regular patrols in their neighborhoods for long periods is something that many local law enforcement agencies can no longer provide so, many other areas have started working with the police departments to form neighborhood watches.This is a program that brings communities together with the common goal of protecting their neighborhood and their families. Home security systems, cameras and motion detecting lights around the home, fences, gated communities, privet security and patrols, neighborhood watches, and building community awareness along with the local law enforcement agencies have been beneficial to law enforcement in cutting down the amount of activity in small neighborhoods and communities allowing them to focus on other areas as well as having the advantage of having extra eyes and ears in several different areas.Future Trends As the growing demands of crimes continue to over burden law enforcement, we will continue to see the utilization of privet sector security by the public. Future trends can often be seen and planned for by following trends from the past and present. For example; (past drug trend) drugs are easy to manufacture and move making it difficult for law enforcement agencies to control. Current drug trend) drugs are still easy to manufacture and the demand has steadily increased making it very difficult for law enforcement agencies to control. (Poss ible predicted future trend? ) Drugs continue to grow presenting an ever growing and evasive element for law enforcement agencies to try and control. By following the trend we can see that drugs are going to continue to grow but, this shows us that it will take a continuing effort and therefore plans can be put into action now to aid in future the future growth. Criminal Justice Trends Criminal Justice Trends CJA/484 3/17/2013 David Sanders Jr The criminal justice system is always changing to help secure and protect society. Even though many times areas of law enforcement are over looked due to changes, the facts still remain that the number one priority of law enforcement is to see that the streets that we walk during the day and night are safe and secure even though one main ingredient has been lost with the progression of law enforcement.So in this paper I will focus on evaluate a few areas that have to deal with the past, present and future trends of law enforcement. I will also sum things up and discuss the budgetary and managerial impact that future trends will likely have on law enforcement, courts and corrections. Now when looking at the past efforts of law enforcement and the way that they went about doing their job it can be concluded that law enforcement were more engaged with the people in the community because they went about doing their job totally different then the way that it’s done in today’ s society.The reason why is because in the late 1800’s and beginning of the 1900’s many people felt safe in secure in their own homes because they knew that they were being protected and taking care of because law enforcement agents walked the streets and made their presence known. The community worrying about being violated was the least of their concerns because they knew that the law was on their side and watching everything that was going on.One way in particular that made the community feel safe had to do with the fact that that law enforcement agents would walk, stop, and talk to the people in the community and get to know them by name and take advantage of the conversation on how they could serve them better. Simply put the community knew the police and the police knew the community. So with that being said a relationship was able to be formed to make the community and the police one because each party wanted the same thing which was to see that justice is uphel d.Law enforcement also relied on the community to be its eyes and ears and help them to solve a crime that had taken place and which the community had no problem doing. However moving onto the present time of law enforcement and the birth of technology becoming more prominent the intimate care given towards the community started to go down to the point where the community no longer trust the police and the police no longer knew how to connect back to the community anymore.With that being said this brings us to the present trends of policing and the birth of technology and how law enforcement has lost its connection that it once had with the community. The birth of technology has helped law enforcement a great deal because it has help to speed up criminal proceedings and also has helped to eliminate wasted man hours to actually find the guy or woman that has committed the crime in question. However on the other hand the birth of technology has stripped away the very core that has mad e law enforcement trust worthy which was its ability to connect with the community.The reason why I say that the trust of law enforcement has been taking away is because there isn’t any more foot patrols done, Law enforcement agents are riding around in cars now neglecting the interaction with the community, but most importantly making the community believe that they really don’t care about them which makes the community not trust them or want to help them. However moving forward and to not bash the officers that have sworn to protect us they’re still some good that has come out with the birth of technology that has taking away the connection that law enforcement once had with the community.One example in particular is that of surveillance cameras that are now all over the place that helps aid law enforcement to be able to see faces of individuals that have committed a crime and gain leads as to who they’re looking for. Law enforcement have also gotten be tter at communicating with one another with the use of 2 way radios to ensure that criminals are apprehended quicker and with using qualitative research to get the right criminal the first time around.But with every positive there is a negative the same technology the law enforcement use to catch the criminals, the criminals are using that same technology to avoid being caught, which also goes back to the point that if law enforcement didn’t abandon the relationship that they once had with the community that the community would be willing to talk and help them out because with every crime committed there is always somebody watching. Moving forward when looking at the future trends of law enforcement it can be said that it’ll probably be better than present day law enforcement ecause they would be able to see what they did wrong and try to improve on it. The reason why is because with progression there is always improvements made on things that were done wrong. For inst ance law enforcement losing touch with the community in present day will be something that I believe would be primarily focus on to get back because stopping and preventing crime is a team effort and law enforcement cannot do it on its own. Even with all the technology in the world nothing can take the place of interaction and receiving information from someone that has actually saw the crime being committed.Surveillance tapes can catch the person in action but they do tend to miss the little details that can bring a criminal to justice much quicker then somebody seeing the crime taking place and reporting it. This is why I feel that for the future law enforcement would engage in getting back to its roots and trying to regain that trust that they one had from the community so that they can work hand and hand together to see that crime is cut down to a minimal or cut down for good.Finally the last point that I’ll like to discuss is the budgetary and managerial impact that futu re trends will most likely have on law enforcement, courts and corrections. This impact will most likely happen in the form of according to the National Center for State Courts the budget getting out of control and the government having to use its efforts to bail it out.The reason why is because with times changing law enforcement, courts and corrections are going to have to constantly stay ahead and have the technology that they need to keep the crime at its lowest and with that happening managing the funds will be hard to do. Crime is not going to stop because law enforcement does not have them money to keep up its going to actually get worse and thrive off of it In conclusion there are many ways to look at the change that has occurred when it comes to policing because in some areas it could be for good where and other areas it could be bad.The reason why is because the past, present and future trends of policing will and continue to be very different from one another. The reason why is because the days are long gone as to where police officers walked up and down community blocks talking to individuals and getting to know them, understand them and overall building their trust. To where know everything is fast paced and police officers are riding in cars and using radios and talking on phones due to the growth of technology.In it can even be said that with the growth of technology that it destroyed the police and community relationship. However with the future of things fast approaching it can also be said that with that relationship lost that it can be gained again because even though technology took it away technology can help make things right because with the growth of it crimes will be able to be solved much more quicker and give the police officer more time to make things right with the community that they had neglected.However one thing in particular that will never change and never go away is the value that police officers hold in the community and in society because without them there would be total madness because there would be no order and no one to enforce the laws to maintain such order that society needs to have to function. References 1. Cetron, Dr. M. J. & Davies, O. 2008) 55 Trends Now Shaping the Future Of Policing http://www. au. af. mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/proteus-55-policing. pdf 2. Craig D. Uchida (2004) The Development of American Police an Historical overview http://www. globalcitizen. net/data/pages/1418/papers/2009042815114290. pdf 3. 2012 National Center or State Courts http://www. ncsc. org/Topics/Financial/Budget-Management/Resource-Guide. aspx

Growth Strategy Analysis Of Samsung Essay

INTRODUCTION The Samsung Group is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea. It is the world’s largest conglomerate by revenue with annual revenue of US$173.4 billion in 2008 and is South Korea’s largest chaebol. The meaning of the Korean word Samsung is â€Å"TriStar† or â€Å"three stars†. As stated in its new motto, Samsung Electronics’ vision for the new decade is, â€Å"Inspire the World, Create the Future.† This new vision reflects Samsung Electronics’ commitment to inspiring its communities by leveraging Samsung’s three key strengths: â€Å"New Technology,† â€Å"Innovative Products,† and â€Å"Creative Solutions.† — and to promoting new value for Samsung’s core networks — Industry, Partners, and Employees. Through these efforts, Samsung hopes to contribute to a better world and a richer experience for all. Samsung Group formed several electronics-related divisions, such as Samsung Electronics Devices Co., Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Samsung Corning Co., and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications Co., and grouped them together under Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. in 1980s. SAMSUNG’s aim is to develop innovative technologies and efficient processes that create new markets, enrich people’s lives and continue to make Samsung a trusted market leader. Today, Samsung Electronics global presence includes a total of 111 subsidiaries in the form of production subsidiaries, sales subsidiaries, distribution subsidiaries, research laboratories and eight overseas business divisions representing North America, Europe, China, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, Central and South America, CIS, the Middle East and Africa. Porter’s Diamond Analysis for Korea/Samsung Product Dimension To build a unique competitive advantage, Samsung followed a well laid out product growth strategy. These strategies can be examined under (a) product life cycle (b) product price level and (c) product diversification. Samsung followed a reverse order if we look from the product life cycle perspective. It started its operation in 1971 with manufacturing monochrome televisions which were in the declining stage in  the advanced market. It then went on to manufacture colored televisions in 1977 which had already reached the mature stage in the PLC in other markets. It tapped the videocassette recorder (VCR) and microwave ovens (MWO) in its growth stage in the market by bridging the technology gap and reaped revenues. In early 1990’s SEC manufactured niche products such as DRAMs and digital videodisk (DVD) and entered this market in its introductory stage through agility, innovativeness and creativity. In 1992, Samsung became the market firm to many companies by being the largest producer of memory chips and second largest chip maker in the world only after Intel. Through innovation Samsung manufactured its first liquid screen display in 1995 and within ten years became the world’s largest liquid-crystal display panel. Tapping the smart phone market in the growth stage, Samsung became the world’s largest phone maker by unit sales in the 2012. From the price perspective Samsung started manufacturing products that were low end of the price range and then gradually moved up to the niche end products using innovation and high end technology. Starting from low end products was a strategic choice as there was low national income and the market had limited purchasing power, the JV partners were unwilling to share their technology and the availability of a niche market in US for the low end models. Samsung product path choice has moved from commodity product to high end niche product market as it now captures the global market. Samsung has strategically limited its diversification in the electronics-related area only. It follows a related product diversification strategy. It started with consumer electronics and home appliances, and then moved to personal computers and peripherals, communication equipment, semi-conductor and then mobiles. With the aim of capturing the strategic fit by sharing technology and management, in 1998, SEC merged with Samsung Semiconductor & Communications. In 2006, Sony & Samsung formed a JV S-LCD Corporation to co-operate and provide a stable LCD supply to both the manufacturers. These diversifications have helped Samsung get a balanced revenue structure from its products. Phase 5: Attaining technological competence whereby product and process innovation start to appear throughout the company. During this process Samsung made serious efforts to develop its own product design competence. It started to increase in-house R&D budgets and stepped up its efforts to assimilate advanced foreign technologies and to develop new product. Having successfully caught up with foreign technologies for most conventional consumer-electronics products, SEC’s management accelerated its technological capability from reverse engineering to innovations in advanced consumer electronics, PCs and peripherals, semiconductors and communications equipment. To support this strategy, Samsung increased its R&D budgets. There was an accelerated gap reduction from the other major competitors of the world. The accelerated gap reduction may be attributed to the synergy effect of three factors: In-house R&D capability with a critical mass of more than 7,300 researchers. Availability of multiple technology sources, such as licensing. Technology alliances with advanced companies, overseas research centers in advanced countries, and foreign high-tech companies owned by Samsung. Intensity of effort by management and personnel in research and product development. Samsung is one of the leaders in OLED display research and the clear leader in AMOLED production. OLED Displays are thinner, more efficient and offer better picture quality than LCD or Plasma displays. A lot of research is being done on Innovative WLAN technology from Samsung Electronics for the wireless business environment to remove the issues with have with the existing WLAN. Manufacturing Dimension Manufacturing system was the third dimension that the Samsung controlled. Samsung always wanted to benefit from the economies of  scale and scope. They had two strategies that is to either get vertically integrated to support the mass production of television or alternatively, depend on CKD’s from joint partnership and other suppliers from Japan. The main reason for this strategy was because of the lack of capability to produce the parts locally. However, Samsung soon realized that the foreign tie ups involved huge risk and transaction costs and hence decided to go with the minimally integrated manufacturing system locally. Hence Samsung built a cathode ray plant, a parts and components plant and CRT glass plant. In 1980’s, a large number of independent small and medium sizes businesses mushroomed due to technology assimilation in Korea. Now, Samsung was so good in technology and quality that they could start outsourcing anywhere and anytime. The Samsung started its overseas production base. The first  location was the Portugal and by 1995 they had twenty bases globally which accounted to a huge economies of scale and scope. The Samsung was sensitive to the changing needs of customers and hence moved from mass production to flexible manufacturing system to accommodate a new product strategy by late 1980’s. Samsung introduced in multiple product models to meet the fast changing demand of the people thereby man aging shorter product life cycles and competition. In early 1990th Samsung was still perceived as a conservative manufacturer and always associated with bargains. Samsung realized that with its low  pricing strategy it can only compete in the lower market segment whereas in upscale market technology and brand are competitive means. Samsung then onwards decided to penetrate the upscale market and gave up lower-market in order to exalt its brand image. It repositioned all series of its products such as mobile phone, consumer electronics and memory flash to upscale market. Corresponding to Samsung’s new position in the market it has relatively higher price in its category. Higher pricing would bring more profit and at the same time improves the brand image. Samsung is now developing products for the Indian market and tailored to their needs. Samsung has clung to its premium positioning, with products that emphasized design, aesthetics and cutting-edge technology and prices that were commensurately higher. In 2005, Samsung introduced over 100 new products such as flat panel, LCD and plasma TVs, top-end refrigerators, home theatre systems, digital cameras and camcorders, MP3 players, notebook computers and mobile phones which were sold in lifestyle category. It is the market leader in LCD televisions and super-premium, side-by-side refrigerators and claims respectable market share figures in other product categories as well. The  most important strategy for competitive advantage has been the principle of survival inequality, which states that cost should always be lower than price, and price should always be smaller than product value. Apart from price, another important factor which was strategically exploited by SEC was the concept of speed management by emphasizing on good decisions and fast implementation. The company exploited the opportunities arising in the world market by making timely decisions on product development and technology acquisition ahead of its competitors, as well as shortening the time to implement for example: : VCRs, MWOs, and memory chips In 1970s, the most important factor for Samsung’s strategy design was to create a relevant product choice. This decision was important as it would have affected 1. Technology acquisition 2. Marketability 3. Cost competitiveness To reduce its threatening profile to the technology supplier, SEC took products in the declining stage of the product life cycle. Further, to give an incentive to the technology supplier, the Joint venture form was used, whereby parts and components would be imported in the form of CKDs from the joint venture partner. To gain market experience and overseas sales network, OEM was used. To build up its brand image, SEC chose commodity type products in the low-end price range. SEC chose mass  production as its strategy to exploit low-end commodity products in declining stage and Korea’s high quality and low wage labor. This lead to a higher learning rate and steeper decrease in costs which helped reduce the prices further.